AM Radio

AM stations were the earliest broadcasting stations to be developed. AM refers to amplitude modulation, a mode of broadcasting radio waves by varying the amplitude of the carrier signal in response to the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted.

The medium-wave band is used worldwide for AM broadcasting. Europe also uses the long wave band. In response to the growing popularity of FM radio stereo radio stations in the late 1980s and early 1990s, some North American stations began broadcasting in AM stereo, though this never gained popularity, and very few receivers were ever sold.

FM Radio

FM refers to frequency modulation, and occurs on VHF airwaves in the frequency range of 88 to 108 MHz everywhere (except Japan and Russia). Japan uses the 76 to 90 MHz band. Russia has two bands widely used by the Soviet Union, 65.9 to 74 MHz and 87.5 to 108 MHz worldwide standard. FM stations are much more popular since higher sound fidelity and stereo broadcasting became common in this format.

FM radio was invented by Edwin H. Armstrong in the 1930s for the specific purpose of overcoming the interference problem of AM radio, to which it is relatively immune. At the same time, greater fidelity was made possible by spacing stations further apart. Instead of 10 kHz apart, as on the AM band in the US, FM channels are 200 kHz (0.2 MHz) apart. In other countries greater spacing is sometimes mandatory, such as in New Zealand, which uses 700 kHz spacing (previously 800 kHz). The improved fidelity made available was far in advance of the audio equipment of the 1940s, but wide interchannel spacing was chosen to take advantage of the noise-suppressing feature of wideband FM.

Bandwidth of 200 kHz is not needed to accommodate an audio signal — 20 kHz to 30 kHz is all that is necessary for a narrowband FM signal. The 200 kHz bandwidth allowed room for ±75 kHz signal deviation from the assigned frequency, plus guard bands to reduce or eliminate adjacent channel interference. The larger bandwidth allows for broadcasting a 15 kHz bandwidth audio signal plus a 38 kHz stereo "subcarrier"—a piggyback signal that rides on the main signal. Additional unused capacity is used by some broadcasters to transmit utility functions such as background music for public areas, GPS auxiliary signals, or financial market data.

The AM radio problem of interference at night was addressed in a different way. At the time FM was set up, the available frequencies were far higher in the spectrum than those used for AM radio - by a factor of approximately 100. Using these frequencies meant that even at far higher power, the range of a given FM signal was much shorter, thus its market was more local than for AM radio. The reception range at night is the same as in the daytime.

The original FM radio service in the U.S. was the Yankee Network, located in New England.Regular FM broadcasting began in 1939, but did not pose a significant threat to the AM broadcasting industry. It required purchase of a special receiver. The frequencies used, 42 to 50 MHz, were not those used today. The change to the current frequencies, 88 to 108 MHz, began after the end of World War II, and was to some extent imposed by AM broadcasters as an attempt to cripple what was by now realized to be a potentially serious threat.

FM radio on the new band had to begin from the ground floor. As a commercial venture it remained a little-used audio enthusiasts' medium until the 1960s. The more prosperous AM stations, or their owners, acquired FM licenses and often broadcast the same programming on the FM station as on the AM station ("simulcasting"). The FCC limited this practice in the 1970s. By the 1980s, since almost all new radios included both AM and FM tuners, FM became the dominant medium, especially in cities. Because of its greater range, AM remained more common in rural environments.

RADIO NETWORK

The Broadcast type of radio network is a network system which distributes programming to multiple stations simultaneously, or slightly delayed, for the purpose of extending total coverage beyond the limits of a single broadcast signal. The resulting expanded audience for programming or information essentially applies the benefits of mass-production to the broadcasting enterprise. A radio network has two sales departments, one to package and sell programs to radio stations, and one to sell the audience of those programs to advertisers.

Internet Radio

Internet radio (also known as web radio, net radio, streaming radio and e-radio) is an audio service transmitted via the Internet. Music streaming on the Internet is usually referred to as webcasting since it is not transmitted broadly through wireless means.

Internet radio involves streaming media, presenting listeners with a continuous stream of audio that cannot be paused or replayed, much like traditional broadcast media; in this respect, it is distinct from on-demand file serving. Internet radio is also distinct from podcasting, which involves downloading rather than streaming.

About Radio

Radio is the transmission of signals by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space. Information is carried by systematically changing (modulating) some property of the radiated waves, such as amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width. When radio waves pass an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. This can be detected and transformed into sound or other signals that carry information.

Originally, radio or radiotelegraphy was called "wireless telegraphy", which was shortened to "wireless" by the British. The prefix radio- in the sense of wireless transmission, was first recorded in the word radioconductor, coined by the French physicist Édouard Branly in 1897 and based on the verb to radiateLee De Forest, was adopted by the United States Navy in 1912 and became common by the time of the first commercial broadcasts in the United States in the 1920s. (The noun "broadcasting" itself came from an agricultural term, meaning "scattering seeds widely".) The term was then adopted by other languages in Europe and Asia. British Commonwealth countries continued to mainly use the term "wireless" until the mid 20th century, though the magazine of the BBC in the UK has been called Radio Times ever since it was first published in the early 1920s. (in Latin "radius" means "spoke of a wheel, beam of light, ray"). This word also appears in a 1907 article by

In recent years the term "wireless" has gained renewed popularity through the rapid growth of short-range computer networking, e.g., Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth, as well as mobile telephony, e.g., GSM and UMTS. Today, the term "radio" often refers to the actual transceiver device or chip, whereas "wireless" refers to the system and/or method used for radio communication, hence one talks about radio transceivers and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), but about wireless devices and wireless sensor networks.

Radio systems used for communications will have the following elements. With more than 100 years of development, each process is implemented by a wide range of methods, specialized for different communications purposes.

Each system contains a transmitter. This consists of a source of electrical energy, producing alternating currentfrequency of oscillation. The transmitter contains a system to modulate (change) some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This modulation might be as simple as turning the energy on and off, or altering more subtle properties such as amplitude, frequency, phase, or combinations of these properties. The transmitter sends the modulated electrical energy to a tuned resonant antenna; this structure converts the rapidly changing alternating current into an electromagnetic wave that can move through free space (sometimes with a particular polarization). of a desired

Electromagnetic waves travel through space either directly, or have their path altered by reflection, refraction or diffraction. The intensity of the waves diminishes due to geometric dispersion (the inverse-square law); some energy may also be absorbed by the intervening medium in some cases. Noise will generally alter the desired signal; this electromagnetic interference comes from natural sources, as well as from artificial sources such as other transmitters and accidental radiators. Noise is also produced at every step due to the inherent properties of the devices used. If the magnitude of the noise is large enough, the desired signal will no longer be discernible; this is the fundamental limit to the range of radio communications.

The electromagnetic wave is intercepted by a tuned receiving antenna; this structure captures some of the energy of the wave and returns it to the form of oscillating electrical currents. At the receiver, these currents are demodulated, which is conversion to a usable signal form by a detector sub-system. The receiver is "tuned" to respond preferentially to the desired signals, and reject undesired signals.

Early radio systems relied entirely on the energy collected by an antenna to produce signals for the operator. Radio became more useful after the invention of electronic devices such as the vacuum tube and later the transistor, which made it possible to amplify weak signals. Today radio systems are used for applications from walkie-talkie children's toys to the control of space vehicles, as well as for broadcasting, and many other applications.

Early uses were maritime, for sending telegraphic messages using Morse code between ships and land. The earliest users included the Japanese Navy scouting the Russian fleet during the Battle of Tsushima in 1905. One of the most memorable uses of marine telegraphy was during the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912, including communications between operators on the sinking ship and nearby vessels, and communications to shore stations listing the survivors.

Radio was used to pass on orders and communications between armies and navies on both sides in World War I; Germany used radio communications for diplomatic messages once it discovered that its submarine cables had been tapped by the British. The United States passed on President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points to Germany via radio during the war. Broadcasting began from San Jose, California in 1909,and became feasible in the 1920s, with the widespread introduction of radio receivers, particularly in Europe and the United States. Besides broadcasting, point-to-point Broadcasting, including telephone messages and relays of radio programs, became widespread in the 1920s and 1930s. Another use of radio in the pre-war years was the development of detection and locating of aircraft and ships by the use of radar (RAdio Detection And Ranging).

Today, radio takes many forms, including wireless networks and mobile communications of all types, as well as radio broadcasting. Before the advent of television, commercial radio broadcasts included not only news and music, but dramas, comedies, variety shows, and many other forms of entertainment (the era from 1930 to the mid-1950s is commonly called radio's "Golden Age"). Radio was unique among methods of dramatic presentation in that it used only sound. For more, see radio programming.

Gelombang Radio

Gelombang radio adalah satu bentuk dari radiasi elektromagnetik, dan terbentuk ketika objek bermuatan listrik dimodulasi (dinaikkan frekuensinya) pada frekuensi yang terdapat dalam frekuensi gelombang radio (RF) dalam suatu spektrum elektromagnetik, dan radiasi elektromagnetiknya bergerak dengan cara osilasi elektrik maupun magnetik.

Gelombang elektromagnetik lainnya, yang memiliki frekuensi di atas gelombang radio meliputi sinar gamma, sinar-X, inframerah, ultraviolet, dan cahaya terlihat.

Ketika gelombang radio dipancarkan melalui kabel, osilasi dari medan listrik dan magnetik tersebut dinyatakan dalam bentuk arus bolak-balik dan voltase di dalam kabel. Hal ini kemudian dapat diubah menjadi signal audio atau lainnya yang membawa informasi.

Undang-undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2002 Tentang Penyiaran menyebutkan bahwa frekuensi radio merupakan gelombang elektromagnetik yang dipergunakan untuk penyiaran dan merambat di udara serta ruang angkasa tanpa sarana penghantar buatan, merupakan ranah publik dan sumber daya alam terbatas. Seperti spektrum elektromagnetik yang lain, gelombang radio merambat dengan kecepatan 300.000 kilometer per detik. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa gelombang radio berbeda dengan gelombang audio.

Gelombang radio merambat pada frekuensi 100,000 Hz sampai 100,000,000,000 Hz, sementara gelombang audio merambat pada frekuensi 20 Hz sampai 20,000 Hz. Pada siaran radio, gelombang audio tidak ditransmisikan langsung melainkan ditumpangkan pada gelombang radio yang akan merambat melalui ruang angkasa. Ada dua metode transmisi gelombang audio, yaitu melalui modulasi amplitudo (AM) dan modulasi frekuensi (FM).

Meskipun kata 'radio' digunakan untuk hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan alat penerima gelombang suara, namun transmisi gelombangnya dipakai sebagai dasar gelombang pada televisi, radio, radar, dan telepon genggam pada umumnya.

Penggunaan Radio

Banyak penggunaan awal radio adalah maritim, untuk mengirimkan pesan telegraf menggunakan kode Morse antara kapal dan darat. Salah satu pengguna awal termasuk Angkatan Laut Jepang memata-matai armada Rusia pada saat Perang Tsushima di 1901. 

Salah satu penggunaan yang paling dikenang adalah pada saat tenggelamnya RMS Titanic pada 1912, termawuk komunikasi antara operator di kapal yang tenggelam dan kapal terdekat, dan komunikasi ke stasiun darat mendaftar yang terselamatkan.

Radio digunakan untuk menyalurkan perintah dan komunikasi antara Angkatan Darat dan Angkatan Laut di kedua pihak pada Perang Dunia II; Jerman menggunakan komunikasi radio untuk pesan diplomatik ketika kabel bawah lautnya dipotong oleh Britania. Amerika Serikat menyampaikan Empat belas Pokok Presiden Woodrow Wilson kepada Jerman melalui radio ketika perang.

Siaran mulai dapat dilakukan pada 1920-an, dengan populernya pesawat radio, terutama di Eropa dan Amerika Serikat. Selain siaran, siaran titik-ke-titik, termasuk telepon dan siaran ulang program radio, menjadi populer pada 1920-an dan 1930-an.

Penggunaan radio dalam masa sebelum perang adalah pengembangan pendeteksian dan pelokasian pesawat dan kapal dengan penggunaan radar.

Sekarang ini, radio banyak bentuknya, termasuk jaringan tanpa kabel, komunikasi bergerak di segala jenis, dan juga penyiaran radio. Baca sejarah radio untuk informasi lebih lanjut.

Sebelum televisi terkenal, siaran radio komersial termasuk drama, komedi, beragam show, dan banyak hiburan lainnya; tidak hanya berita dan musik saja. Lihat pemrograman radio.